EMOTIONALLY AVOIDANT LANGUAGE IN THE PARENTING INTERVIEWS OF SUBSTANCE-DEPENDENT MOTHERS: ASSOCIATIONS WITH REFLECTIVE FUNCTIONING, RECENT SUBSTANCE USE, AND PARENTING BEHAVIOR.

Filed under: Methadone Detox

Infant Ment Health J. 2012; 33(5): 506-519
Borelli JL, West JL, Decoste C, Suchman NE

Parenting and emotion regulation are two known, and potentially interrelated, areas of impairment among substance-abusing mothers. In this study, we examine substance -abusing mothers’ (positive and negative) emotion language word use during their discussion of negative parenting experiences on the Parent Development Interview for its association with reflective functioning (RF), recent substance-use history, and sensitivity to child cues. Within a sample of 47 methadone-maintained mothers, we evaluate the hypothesis that linguistic evidence of emotional avoidance (more frequent positive feeling words and less frequent negative emotion words) will be associated with lower RF, more recent substance use, and more insensitive parenting. Further, we evaluate whether language use mediates the association between self-focused RF and insensitive parenting. Results of hierarchical regressions suggest that more frequent positive feeling word use, but not negative emotion word use, is associated with lower RF, more recent substance use, and lower sensitivity to child cues. Positive feeling word use partially mediates the association between self-focused RF and insensitive parenting. Results are discussed in the context of their contribution to the literature on emotion and parenting in substance-abusing populations.
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Methadone prescribing is to be reviewed in Scotland as user numbers continue to rise.

Filed under: Methadone Detox

BMJ. 2012; 345: e6816
Christie B

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Evaluation of pre-analysis loss of dependent drugs in wastewater: stability and binding assessments.

Filed under: Methadone Detox

Drug Test Anal. 2012 Oct 9;
Chen C, Kostakis C, Irvine RJ, Felgate PD, White JM

Wastewater analysis has the potential to provide objective and timely data on population drug consumption, but some crucial factors such as pre-analysis drug loss during sample storage and filtration could affect the accuracy and reliability of the method, and these uncertainties have yet to be fully assessed. This study was designed to evaluate analyte stability in wastewater stored under different conditions with the aim of optimizing the sample storage procedures for future studies. It also investigated whether there is significant analyte loss during filtration before sample extraction and storage after that. The studied substances and metabolites were: cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, phenethylamines amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), opioids including codeine, methadone, 6-monoacetylmorphine (MAM) and morphine. In most situations, storing samples at 4?°C is sufficient to stabilize analytes for at least 2?weeks, and refrigeration is unnecessary during sample transportation within 3?days. However, additional measures need to be taken if unstable analytes such as cocaine and MAM are to be analyzed. No significant analyte loss was observed in the filtration process or in reconstituted extract stored at 4?°C or -20?°C for 2?weeks. By choosing stable analytes and proper storage conditions, wastewater analysis has the potential to provide accurate data for estimation of community drug use. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Opioids and clonidine modulate cytokine production and opioid receptor expression in neonatal immune cells.

Filed under: Methadone Detox

J Perinatol. 2012 Oct 4;
Chavez-Valdez R, Kovell L, Ahlawat R, McLemore GL, Wills-Karp M, Gauda EB

Objective:Opioids and clonidine, used in for sedation, analgesia and control of opioid withdrawal in neonates, directly or indirectly activate opioid receptors (OPRs) expressed in immune cells. Therefore, our objective is to study how clinically relevant concentrations of different opioids and clonidine change cytokine levels in cultured whole blood from preterm and full-term infants.Study Design:Using blood from preterm (? 30 weeks gestational age (GA), n=7) and full-term (?37 weeks GA, n=19) infants, we investigated the changes in cytokine profile (IL-1?, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF-?), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and ?-, ?- and ?- opioid receptor (OPR) gene and protein expression, following in-vitro exposure to morphine, methadone, fentanyl or clonidine at increasing concentrations ranging from 0 to 1?mM.Result:Following lipopolysaccharide activation, IL-10 levels were 146-fold greater in cultured blood from full-term than from preterm infants. Morphine and methadone, but not fentanyl, at >10(-5)?M decreased all tested cytokines except IL-8. In contrast, clonidine at <10(-9)?M increased IL-6, while at >10(-5)?M increased IL-1? and decreased TNF-? levels. All cytokine changes followed the same patterns in preterm and full-term infant cultured blood and matched increases in cAMP levels. All three ?-, ?- and ?-OPR genes were expressed in mononuclear cells (MNC) from preterm and full-term infants. Morphine, methadone and clonidine, but not fentanyl, at >10(-5)M decreased the expression of ?-OPR, but not ?- or ?-OPRs.Conclusion:Generalized cytokine suppression along with downregulation of ?-OPR expression observed in neonatal MNC exposed to morphine and methadone at clinically relevant concentrations contrast with the modest effects observed with fentanyl and clonidine. Therefore, we speculate that fentanyl and clonidine may be safer therapeutic choices for sedation and control of opioid withdrawal and pain in neonates.Journal of Perinatology advance online publication, 4 October 2012; doi:10.1038/jp.2012.124.
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We need to help those charities that give our children a better life

Filed under: Methadone Detox

Of the 46 women who went to Ashleigh House last year 36 were mothers with families (many with babies). Eleven availed of methadone detox placements. At any time Coolmine has a waiting list with about 20 mothers, and their children, waiting to get a place.
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